Buyback, Regulation, or Collateral: How Investor Protection Differs in Crowdlending
In peer-to-peer (P2P) crowdlending markets, investor safety is often reduced to a single question: ‘What happens if the platform disappears?’ Yet, this perspective overlooks the full spectrum of risks that investors actually face, including borrower defaults and limited liquidity, each requiring distinct mitigation approaches. While Europe remains one of the leading regions in terms of private credit regulation, common protection mechanisms often fail to protect investors from these risks. At the same time, p2p crowdlending platforms adopted a proactive approach and introduced rigorous risk management practices to mitigate a broader spectrum of risks.
3 Neglected Risks in Alternative Lending
While the majority of investors, 85%, are eager to adopt some or higher risk if they get better yields, funds safety still remains a top priority, according to Maclear’s 2025 research. Here are three risks lenders may encounter:
1. Platform Risk
It’s also known as an infrastructure risk, which means that a lending platform faces insolvency, operational failure, or regulatory shutdown. As a result, investors are unable to manage loans, access accounts, or receive timely payments. For instance, in 2020, investors lost access to funds after Envestio, an Estonia-based platform, collapsed amid allegations of mismanagement, with hundreds of millions of euros frozen. The same happened at Kuetzal, another Estonian private credit project in the same year. Both companies were declared bankrupt.
2. Credit Risk
Credit risk, or the risk of borrower default, is the concern that worries investors the most. According to Maclear’s research, 58% of investors cite it as their primary fear, compared with only 29% who worry about legal protection in case something goes wrong. This risk arises when borrowers fail to repay their loans, either partially or fully, exposing investors to direct financial losses. It is influenced by factors such as borrower quality, collateral, and broader economic conditions. Even rigorous credit checks do not always guarantee safety. A notable example is Lendy, a UK-based platform, which faced defaults on property-backed loans in 2019. Despite claims of secured lending, borrowers were unable to meet their obligations, leading to significant losses for investors. When the platform entered administration in May 2019, over £160 million (≈ €182 million) in loans were outstanding, with more than £90 million (≈ €103 million) in default.
3. Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk arises when investors cannot sell or exit their loans quickly, forcing them to hold illiquid positions. It may prevent portfolio rebalancing or access to cash when needed. Events at Funding Circle during the COVID-19 downturn and Mintos’ suspended buybacks illustrate how limited secondary market options — the opportunity to sell your loan to other investors — can amplify losses, even when borrowers continue making payments.
Common Investor Protection Models in Europe
Across the European P2P crowdlending market, there are two common investor protection models:
Regulatory protection under frameworks such as MiFID and national Investor Compensation Schemes. They are designed to safeguard investor funds in case of platform insolvency. In practice, this protection typically applies to cash balances held on the platform or when operational misconduct happens. Yet, it does not cover losses due to borrower defaults or delayed loan repayments.
The buyback guarantee, under which a loan originator commits to repurchasing loans that become overdue, is a model most commonly used in P2P consumer lending, where the underlying credit risk is structurally higher due to elevated default rates. While this model can temporarily mitigate borrower default risk, its effectiveness depends entirely on the financial strength and liquidity of the loan originator. P2P platforms operating with loan originators often have a limited pool of originators to select from, which can naturally lead to risk concentration and a growing share of non-performing loans over time.
While these measures are effective, they do not address broader risks, including those mentioned above.
Alternative Protection Model to Mitigate Broader Risk
To ensure the EU remains among the leaders in terms of investor fund protection, its fintech players adopt a different approach. They structure protection around liquidity management and asset-backed recovery. For instance, at Maclear, a swiss-regulated p2p investment platform, investor protection is embedded in the following processes:
Reserve mechanisms such as the Maclear Provision Fund are designed to address temporary market disruptions or unforeseen instability that may affect the timely performance of financed projects, helping ensure interest payments remain on schedule.
Collateral enforcement processes are applied in the event of borrower default. Access to private credit is granted only when real-world collateral is provided. Its viability is verified during the initial assessment phase.
Project due diligence is made accessible to investors during project evaluation. Each borrowing project undergoes a comprehensive financial assessment, including analysis of market conditions, project risk level, borrower assets and capital structure, operational sustainability, and the borrower’s demonstrated experience in executing comparable projects.
This approach results in transparent risk allocation, where potential exposures are clearly defined at the project level rather than obscured by broad guarantees. Investor protection is embedded directly into deal economics and platform structure through disciplined project selection, reserve mechanisms, and collateral requirements, making risk management an integral part of the investment process. Taken together, this reflects a conservative, asset-backed approach aligned with established European due diligence and credit assessment standards.
Final Thoughts
Risks in P2P crowdlending are inherently complex and multi-layered, spanning platform stability, borrower performance, and liquidity. To address them effectively, fintech platforms require a comprehensive approach rather than reliance on any single protection mechanism. Regulatory safeguards, guarantees, reserves, collateral, and liquidity tools each combat different failure scenarios, but none provide complete coverage on their own. As a result, meaningful investor protection emerges only through the diversification of protection measures themselves. Combining rigorous due diligence, asset-backed structures, reserve mechanisms, and evolving liquidity solutions — such as secondary markets —allows platforms and investors to mitigate a broader range of risks and adapt to changing market conditions. This layered approach reflects a more realistic and resilient framework for long-term participation in alternative lending markets.
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