How Distance Technologies is giving armoured vehicle crews x-ray-like vision
As defence shifts toward data-driven operations, digital terrain models, simulations, and sensor inputs are becoming central to how forces train, plan, and coordinate. Yet the interfaces used to access this information remain largely two-dimensional and siloed. So, how do you accurately perceive and understand what’s happening outside a vehicle —such as a tank — in real time?
Mixed-reality visualisation offers a way forward by embedding complex, real-time spatial data directly into the user’s field of view.
Distance Technologies is a Finnish startup pioneering glasses-free mixed reality, transforming transparent surfaces into augmented-reality displays. Its technology turns entire panes of glass into headset-free windows for next-generation XR using a computer-generated 3D light field that seamlessly blends with the real world. The approach is designed to enhance user experiences across automotive, aerospace, and defence by delivering immersive 3D visuals without the need for headsets or glasses.
I spoke to Distance Technologies CEO Urho Konttori and CMO Jussi Mäkinen to learn all about it.
From cars to combat vehicles
Founded in 2024, Distance Technologies develops light field-based head-up display technology. According to Mäkinen, the company has developed a waveguide-based system — think of it like a flip-down sun visor on your car.
“You can click down a piece of glass and have a head-up display in front of you. If you don't want it, flip it up — no obstruction whatsoever. But if you need it for navigation or situational awareness, just leave it down.”
While applicable across a broad range of applications, the company began to focus more heavily on defence in early 2025 after a practical realisation: automotive head-up displays are difficult to integrate into tanks, which typically lack windshields altogether.
It now runs field trials roughly every two weeks with different partners.
This includes tests in the UK on the Ajax armoured fighting vehicle platform, collaboration with Patria to develop a unique solution for use in low-visibility battlefield environments such as darkness or smoke, as well as trials with the Finnish Defence Forces. The company is collaborating with US-based Aechelon Technology on a full global 3D map at centimetre-level resolution that aims to enable real-time, in-flight mixed-reality training and defence applications that go beyond traditional ground-based simulators or VR goggles, including immersive cockpit overlays for pilot training, battlefield intelligence, and target analysis.
“One of the beauties of this is that it’s fully real-time updatable,” explains Konttori.
“We’re extremely excited about utilising the Aechelon data and the real-time portion that could also be valuable in Ukraine. Every field soldier would have access to real-time data on enemy locations — that would be very impactful.”
Aechelon is also leading a broader industry collaboration called Project Orbion, alongside Niantic Spatial, ICEYE, BlackSky, and Distance Technologies, to create a continuously refreshed 3D reconstruction system. The consortium deployed the system for the first time at the US Coast Guard Aviation Training Centre.
“You can have drone data feeds updating it, or satellite data from providers like ICEYE or BlackSky,” Konttori adds.
“It’s essentially a 3D digital twin of the Earth that can be refreshed continuously.”
According to Konttori, the team has also showcased its first field-operator HUD behind closed doors: a head-worn system designed to be easily applied across different operational contexts, whether the user is inside or outside the vehicle.
“This is easy to apply to a commander who’s outside the tank overseeing the situation, or inside with the hatch closed, enabling you to see through the tank. You also have situational-awareness data — full blue-force tracking, your destinations, targets, what your colleagues are seeing, their positions — all combined into one coherent picture of the battlefield.
It applies in the same way for the driver and the gunner. Maybe not the loader — it’s probably better they focus on loading without distraction.”
That growing volume of real-time data is also where AI shines. Konttori argues that aligning humans and AI will be a recurring theme across both the automotive and defence sectors.
“You start to see not just large battlefield AIs in headquarters, but more and more local AI as well. Each vehicle now has a few kilowatts of electrical power available. Within the next five to ten years, much of that power will be invested in local AI. That will enhance every soldier's capabilities. We want to be the interface for that communication.”
Ukraine is redefining battlefield reality
Mäkinen asserts that most armies in the world have not faced the battlefield reality of Ukraine:
“Most tactics that Western armies are training for are for yesterday. This is independent of our technology, but it's an interesting realisation. When you start discussing with field people, you question: are the challenges you're discussing still reality today? Are helicopters actually a threat to tanks? Should we be focusing on those at all, or is that just the past? It's difficult to get to that point without going to Ukraine.”
Konttori cautions that white sandboxing locally is great, “You cannot go to Ukraine unprepared, and you cannot waste anybody's time in there toying around with unready prototypes. It needs to be battlefield-ready.”
Check out our interview with the Defence Innovation Network Finland (DEFINE).
Why Distance Technologies is iterating its way to the battlefield’s next capability
I wondered how you measure success when you’re creating capabilities that haven't existed before.
Konttori asserts:
“How do you succeed when you don't know exactly what success looks like? You can't go ask people 'what would the future look like?' without working on technology yourself. You easily get the 'faster horses' rhetoric — let's do that thing we've been doing for 30 years, just slightly better.
That's part of reality, but the interesting thing is: are you able to go into spiral development where you try something, realise 'maybe that's not the way,' adjust course, and start focusing on the bullseye?”
In response, the company focuses on faster iteration cycles with field trials, “so we can dare to try things and dare to fail," explained Konttori.
“We are learning quickly together with the customer and building it for the customer, not the usual startup Y Combinator dream of 'build it for yourself and assume this is what the customer wants.'
That's our immediate goal for the next six months: to build together with the customer.”
Edge computing over fragile connectivity
Distance Technologies designs its systems with the assumption that connectivity on the battlefield is uneven, unreliable, and often absent. As a result, the company tries to perform as much processing as possible at the edge, within the vehicle itself, rather than relying on constant network access.
Jussi Mäkinen explained, that the UK has the Bowman system deployed in around 27,000 vehicles today, which includes relatively decent, reliable communications and blue-force tracking as an integral part.” In aviation, this level of connectivity has existed for decades.
But Mäkinen notes that connectivity reality drops off sharply once you move away from aircraft and armoured platforms.
“When we go to infantry, they might be lucky if one team has a single radio,” he says.
“It’s quite shocking — the ‘future soldier’ is much more of an analogue world. Comms are voice radio comms, even though it’s digital radio; not everyone is fully connected.”
That contrast is a key reason Distance Technologies focuses first on vehicles rather than individual soldiers.
“Almost all vehicles have decent communication channels,” Mäkinen explains. Vehicles also have power budgets measured in kilowatts, enabling onboard compute and local AI that simply isn’t feasible at the individual soldier level today.
Looking ahead, Mäkinen believes the digitisation of the individual soldier will come, but much later than the transformation now underway in vehicles and command systems.
“Going to infantry will be a much longer period of change. Maybe in a decade, they’ll all be fully connected. I do see that transition,” he says.
Central to that shift, he argues, is scale. Distance has been discussing future battlefield connectivity with Nokia, which has formed a dedicated defence entity and is pushing 5G — and eventually 6G — technologies into military environments.
“That would probably allow you to service every single soldier at a decent cost level because of scale,” Mäkinen says.
Until that industrial-scale connectivity exists, however, defence systems must be designed to function in a fragmented communications landscape.
For Distance Technologies, that means prioritising edge computing, vehicle-based platforms, and interfaces that continue to provide situational awareness even when networks degrade — rather than assuming a fully connected battlefield that, for now, remains more aspiration than reality.
From defence to automotive OEMs
Beyond defence-specific applications, Distance Technologies sees strong opportunities in sectors such as aviation and automotive. Konttori notes that it is a huge market and that the company currently has a strong partner helping to push its technology to market.
The technology has strong potential in China, with a program requiring that all civil aircraft operating in the country be equipped with HUDs, and discussions of mandating HUDs for all autonomous vehicles.
“If you have a self-driving car, you want to keep your eyes on the road,” Konttori explained.
“The head-up display communicates what the car is going to do—if it has detected a blockage, for example. If it has not, you probably need to take action yourself.”
Licensing the future of automotive HUDs
In terms of its business model. Distance Technologies plans to license its technology to Tier One automotive suppliers.
“We license and work with Tier One to build the final hardware product, help them certify it, and provide the licenses, patents, and software needed to run it. This is very much computational optics, so the software and compute element are a huge part of the equation. That becomes a license-based revenue model for us,” Konttori said.
One challenge and opportunity for Distance Technologies is leveraging the scale of the automotive side. Konttori explains that while you can’t use exactly the same supply chain, you want to be as close to economies of scale as possible.
The company is working with a manufacturing partner that has facilities across the USA and Europe, including France, Sweden, Finland, the UK, and Ireland.
“The idea is to manufacture as locally as possible to retain national sovereignty, not just regional sovereignty.”
Defence buys capabilities, not components
Defence, however, is different. In this sector, customers rarely buy components; they buy capabilities.
“Even major integrators such as General Dynamics do not want to build every capability in-house if they can avoid it. They prefer to integrate capabilities from multiple providers into a powerful combined system,” explained Konttori.
In this context, Distance Technologies would deliver more than just the HUD: it would also provide the compute platform to run it, the sensors needed for thermal and night-vision capabilities, and the software interfaces into the vehicle’s command communications systems. This shifts the model towards a combined hardware-plus-license offering.
Europe lacks the ability to scale defencetech supply chains
For Mäkinen, the issue is not just technology maturity but industrial capacity. He contrasts the current European defence supply model with the mass-scale production now visible in other parts of the world.
“This is one area where defence in Europe, including the UK, is simply not at industrial scale today,” he says.
“It’s much more artisan-level production, or comparable to the aviation industry — very high quality, very high grade, but not industrial scale.”
That mismatch, he warns, could become a strategic vulnerability if adversaries can field networked systems and sensors at mass scale and speed.
“This will be one of the big challenges for Europe to realise by the end of this decade: we need to start going industrial scale,” Mäkinen says.
“If the enemy is on an industrial scale and we are not, we will not be able to catch up in time.”
Looking ahead to the next iteration of Distance’s product roadmap, Konttori says the priority is moving from prototypes to early production.
“I want to get us to a limited production scale in 2026. It’s easy to think that once you have a design, you can just execute the blueprint and manufacture it. In reality, creating high-quality production always takes time. I do want to reach that stage, but doing it without a customer is very expensive. Business has to come first — if you’re not solvent, you can’t do much.”
Read More